John Stuart Mill on Utilitarianism free essay sample

One of Mill’s strongest arguments in support of his philosophy of morality is seen in the last two paragraphs on page 95 of the textbook Ethical Theory. Here we find one of Mill’s foundational arguments which he later builds upon to argue in favor of utilitarianism. Mill’s conclusion that we find here in this particular selection is based on the assertion he makes, found in the latter part of the last complete sentence on page 95: â€Å"that happiness is a good, that each person’s happiness is a good to that person, and the general happiness, therefore, a good to the aggregate of all persons. Here, we find three clauses, the last being the conclusion that general happiness is a good to the aggregate of all persons. To support this claim, he provides premises as to why this argument is worth believing. The premises that lead directly to the conclusion stated above begin on page 95, in the paragraph that starts with â€Å"Questions about ends are,†¦Ã¢ €  With this, a clear understanding of what Mill denotes as â€Å"happiness† is fundamental for the reader to understand before reading the premises leading up to this particular conclusion. We will write a custom essay sample on John Stuart Mill on Utilitarianism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We find that definition in the second sentence of this essay (found on page 90). Here, Mill defines happiness when he says â€Å"by happiness is intended pleasure and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure. † Now that we understand how, exactly, Mill is denoting â€Å"happiness†, let us return to the conclusion we are analyzing, found on page 95. Using this definition of happiness from the first page, Mill now asserts: â€Å"the utilitarian doctrine is that happiness is desirable, and the only thing desirable, as an end; all other things being only desirable as means to that end. We see his premises for this claim in the two paragraphs following this statement. To support his claim, Mill states that â€Å"the only proof capable of being given that an object is visible is that people actually see it. † He then offers examples to support this assertion: â€Å"the only proof that a sound is audible is that people hear it; and so of the other sources of our experience. Immediately after this sentence, Mill then builds upon this premise with another: â€Å"In like manner, I apprehend, the sole evidence it is possible to produce that anything is desirable is that people do actually desire it. † Immediately following that sentence is another premise, in the form of a challenge of sorts to the reader: â€Å"If the end which the utilitarian doctrine proposes to itself were not, in theory and in practice, acknowledged to be an end, nothing could ever convince any person that it was so. He finally then states that the only reason that can be given as to why the general happiness is desirable, is that â€Å"each person, so far as he believes it to be attainable, desires his own happiness. † He then explicitly deems this last assertion to be a fact. Here we find his ultimate co nclusion (for this particular argument of his essay): â€Å"that happiness is a good, that each person’s happiness is a good to that person, and the general happiness, therefore, a good to the aggregate of all persons. †

The Religious Origins of Sanskrit Theatre essays

The Religious Origins of Sanskrit Theatre essays Acc to modern critics, Sanskrit drama, has a religious origin, as the Vedas are considered as the eternal source of all sublime and fine arts. Some critics also give credit to a semi-religious, secular or popular origin. All the same, there is no conclusive evidence to prove the same. There have been critics who have tried to prove that India borrowed its drama from Greece. But again, there is no conclusive evidence to prove this. India has certainly borrowed several features from different civilizations, including that of Greece, and had successfully assimilated them in her pattern of life. But Indian dramatic literature has several points of basic difference which preclude the possibility of any Greek influence on Sanskrit drama: 1. Sanskrit drama with its romantic appeal is closer to Shakespearean drama than to Greek plays of the classical type 2. Sanskrit drama does not conform to the unity of time and space, the scenes shift easily from heaven to earth, and gaps of years are created without hesitation. 3. The character and function of the prologue in Sanskrit plays differently from that of Greek plays. 4. Sanskrit drama favors poetic achievement over dramatic justification. 5. Thus, Sanskrit drama is seldom composed for the masses, unlike Greek drama. Therefore, the plays were perhaps staged for the classes rather than the masses. 6. The author of a Sanskrit play is free to introduce any number of characters, supernatural or even superhuman. 7. Sanskrit drama imitates the state or condition, whereas, Greek drama imitates the action. 8. Sanskrit drama has poetic recitals and lyrical verses, unlike its Greek counterpart, which has collective singing-music in choir/chorus. Also, the Greeks didn't attach much importance to dancing, unlike the Indian spectator. 9. And last but not the least, the object of all art in India is the attainment of nirvana or eternal bliss through the triple agencies of Dharma, Artha, a...

Biography of Frank Stella, American Painter and Sculptor

Biography of Frank Stella, American Painter and Sculptor Frank Stella (born May 12, 1936) is an American artist known for developing a Minimalist style that rejected the emotionality of Abstract Expressionism. His earliest celebrated works were painted in black. Throughout his career, Stella shifted to a more exuberant use of color, shapes and curving forms. He calls his artistic development an evolution from Minimalism to Maximalism. Fast Facts: Frank Stella Occupation: ArtistKnown For: Developing both the Minimalist and Maximalist artistic stylesBorn: May 12, 1936 in Malden, MassachusettsEducation: Princeton UniversitySelected Works: Die Fahne Hoch! (1959), Harran II (1967)Notable Quote: What you see is what you see. Early Life Born in Malden, Massachusetts, Frank Stella grew up in a well-to-do Italian-American family. He attended the prestigious Phillips Academy, a prep school in Andover, Massachusetts. There, he first encountered the work of abstract artists Josef Albers and Hans Hoffman. The school had its own art gallery with works by multiple prominent American artists. After graduating from high school, he attended Princetown University as a history major. Picture as Object: The 1950s and Early 1960s After college graduation in 1958, Frank Stella moved to New York City. He didnt have a specific plan in mind. He merely wanted to create things. While creating his own works, he labored part-time as a house painter. Stella rebelled against abstract expressionism at its peak of popularity. He was interested in Barnett Newmans color field experiments and Jasper Johns target paintings. Stella considered his paintings objects instead of a representation of something physical or emotional. He said that a painting was a flat surface with paint on it, nothing more. In 1959, Stellas black-striped paintings were positively received by the New York art scene. The Museum of Modern Art in New York City included four Frank Stella paintings in its landmark 1960 exhibition Sixteen Americans. One of those was The Marriage of Reason and Squalor, a series of black inverted parallel U-shapes with stripes separated by thin lines of blank canvas. The title is in part a reference to Stellas living conditions at the time in Manhattan. Despite the appearance of precise regularity in his black paintings, Frank Stella did not use tape or outside devices to create straight lines. He painted them freehand, and a close inspection reveals some irregularities. Stella was suddenly a prominent artist before age 25. He was one of the first painters branded a Minimalist for his view of art as an end in itself. In 1960, with the Aluminum series, Stella worked with his first shaped canvases that abandoned the traditional squares and rectangles used by painters. Throughout the 1960s, he continued to experiment with more colors in his paintings and canvases in shapes other than squares or rectangles. The geometrically-shaped canvases were a feature of the Copper Paintings (1960-1961). They included another innovation. Stella used a special boat paint designed to inhibit the growth of barnacles. In 1961, he created a Benjamin Moore series named after the brand of house paint used. It impressed Andy Warhol so much that the pop artist bought all of the pieces. The Leo Castelli Gallery in New York presented Stellas first one-person show in 1962. In 1961, Frank Stella married the art critic Barbara Rose. They divorced in 1969. Sculptural Painting and Printing: Late 1960s and 1970s In the late 1960s, Stella began working with master printer Kenneth Tyler. He added printmaking to his continued explorations in painting. Tyler encouraged Stella to create his first prints by filling Magic Markers, Stellas favorite drawing tool, with lithography fluid. His prints were as innovative as his paintings. He incorporated screen-printing and etching in his techniques for creating prints. Frank Stella continued to paint, too. Stella added wood, paper, and felt to a painted canvas and called them maximalist paintings because of their three-dimensional elements. His works began blurring the distinctions between painting and sculpture. Despite the wide range of three-dimensional shapes incorporated into his pieces, Stella said that sculpture is just a painting cut out and stood up somewhere. Frank Stella designed the set and costumes for the 1967 dance piece Scramble choreographed by Merce Cunningham. As part of the set, he stretched fabric banners on moveable poles. It created a three-dimensional rendering of his famous stripe paintings. In 1970, the Museum of Modern Art presented a retrospective of Frank Stellas work. In the 1970s, building upon the bright colors of the late-1960s Protractor series and his seminal piece Harran II, Stellas works were more and more exuberant in style with curving forms, Day-Glo colors, and idiosyncratic brushstrokes that looked like scribbles. Frank Stella married Harriet McGurk, his second wife, in 1978. He has five children from three relationships. Monumental Sculptures and Later Work: 1980s and Later Music and literature influenced much of Stellas later work. In 1982-1984, he created a series of twelve prints titled Had Gaya inspired by a folk song sung at the Jewish Seder. From the mid-1980s through the mid-1990s, Frank Stella created multiple pieces related to Herman Melvilles classic novel Moby Dick. Each piece was inspired by a different chapter in the book. He used a wide variety of techniques, creating works that range from giant sculptures to mixed-media prints. A long-time fan of automobile racing, Stella painted a BMW for the Le Mans race in 1976. That experience led to the early 1980s series Circuits. The individual titles are taken from the names of famous international car race tracks. By the 1990s, Stella also began creating large free-standing sculptures for public places as well as architectural projects. In 1993, he designed all of the decoration for Torontos Princess of Wales Theatre, including a 10,000-square-foot mural. Frank Stella continued to innovate in the 1990s and the 2000s, using the technology of computer-aided drafting and 3-D printing to design his sculptures and architectural proposals. Legacy Frank Stella is considered one of the greatest living artists. His innovations in minimalist style and incorporations of bright colors and three-dimensional objects have influenced generations of contemporary American artists. He was a primary influence on prominent color field artists including Dan Flavin, Sol LeWitt, and Carl Andre. The architects Frank Gehry and Daniel Libeskind also count Stella as a crucial influence. Sources Auping, Michael. Frank Stella: A Retrospective. Yale University Press, 2015.Stella, Frank. Working Space. Harvard University Press, 1986.

Digital Channels and Social Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Digital Channels and Social Media - Essay Example The most important part of business is advertising your products and services and social networks have made it very easy. The success of your business depends on more public relations you make. This was not easy some years back but now the world has shrunk into a global village and making social relations is easier than ever before. Finding your target market and serving them, sharing of information and ideas, updating your data details of sales and taxes, and following the market trends; these all tasks are now just as easy as that. Getting the feedback from your customers is of vital importance in every type of business. This job can be done through communicating with your customers; social media and digital channels provides us this valuable facility and use of this facility can take your organization to the height of success. Use of digital channels and social media in marketing: Digital marketing is a term defining upraise of your business by the use of different digital tools l ike emails, social networks and cellular services. The marketing of your business can be done very effectively by using digital technology and internet services. There are many uses of digital channels in marketing field some of them are discussed here. There are wide uses of digital marketing and social media networking. The most important use is your direct link with your customers this facility is provided to business organization and they can use it to increase their sales. The records of your customer and deals with them can be saved and reviewed at any time. You can save your time and efforts by addressing many of your customers at same time. The level of ease will increase and you... This essay approves that social media is another mean of interaction between people; social media is defined formally as the set of different online technology implements that make people to communicate easily through internet and share their information, ideas, views and resources with people of interest. It includes text, audio, video, images, podcasts, and some others. Different social networks like Facebook, twitter, and blogs are used presently for the convenience in every aspect of life. Social media are differentiated from other old fashioned media in many ways frequency, reach, quality, immediacy, usability, and permanence. The most appropriate use of social media is in the field of marketing, advertisement and public relations. Social media has affected the businesses; it has taken them from ground to higher levels. Social media is used as powerful tool for marketing of different products and services, different people have started their own small business and marketed their products of Facebook, tweeter, and other internet based social media. This report makes a cocnlusion that the first and top most ethical issue that can badly affect the repute of any business is use of social media and digital channels for customers’ feedback. When you place your product on a social media website for sake of market it may harm your business. Many people will comment and claim negatively and your product will lose the market. To build trust and credibility regarding the use of social networks and digital channels certain steps must be taken. Avoiding spam emails, popup windows, deceptive marketing and advertising to keep the trustworthy relationship with your consumers and satisfy their needs.

Psychoanalys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychoanalys - Essay Example Hypocrisy is the false claim to virtue. It always refers to consciously intended deception by a person in a position of trust. Making use of literary examples, the investigation starts with the delineation of three readily apparent preconditions for falling prey to hypocrisy. Idealization of the hypocrite is seen as a defense against a dread of uncertainty on the part of the person who succumbs to hypocrisy. The addition of a third precondition, the force of powerful desire, completes the introduction. A selective review of historical and philosophical studies of hypocrisy over the past twenty-five hundred years situates the problem of the susceptibility to hypocrisy. Must idealization lead to credulity I do not think so. Belief, even strong belief, need not be credulous, and idealization, though it always involves some substitution of wish for judgment, is not always used as a defense. But when idealization and belief are fueled by anxiety, independent judgment, fragile under the best of circumstances, may fail. So idealization as defense against the dread of uncertainty may be expected to create the credulity that is one precondition for successful hypocrisy. But unrelenting credulity may come about also from great desire, especially in those inclined to magical thinking and other immaturities of consideration by playwrights and philosophers, a

Ethics in Business and Accounting in Vietnam Essay -- global business,

1. Introduction: Currently, in the complex global business environment, economic performance alone no longer guarantees business success. One of the integral driving factors for this success is the transparency and integrity of the management system. In many countries, there is enormous number of leading corporations coordinating ethical management into business practices to stay in tune with wider societal values. However, there still exist corporations where profit triumphs all other considerations. In Vietnam, with lax management mechanism and legal loopholes, many monstrous corporate scandals relating to unethical behaviors have been revealed. These corporate scandals extensively hurt public confidence in financial reporting and question the morality of businessman in general and accountants in particular. Confronting with these burning issues, our report aims to provide comprehensive picture about the importance of ethics in business and accounting. Firstly, we will focus on the various perspectives of ethics and how ethics affects enterprise and accountants. Secondly, we present some real-world examples associating with the unethical business practices, which cause irreparable damages for Vietnam economy. Lastly, lessons and recommendations for corporate governance and state administration are raised. 2. The importance of ethics in business and accounting. 2.1. Definition of ethics Ethics is a system of moral principles, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and the ends of those actions. 2.2. The significance of ethics in business In modern world, business has experienced the essential role of ethics in many perspectives. Generally, the primary role of ethics is to keep a company and its ... ...ccessed on November 18th, 2013) Phan Cong 2006, â€Å"Vu PMU 18 gay thiet hai it nhat 37 ti dong†. Available at URL: http://www.tienphong.vn/xa-hoi/46365/Vu-PMU18-gay-thiet-hai-it-nhat-37-ty-dong.html (Accessed on November 18th, 2013) Wikipedia 2013, â€Å"Tong cong ty Hang Hai Viet Nam. Available at URL: http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_C%C3%B4ng_ty_H%C3%A0ng_h%E1%BA%A3i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam (Accessed on November 18th, 2013) Wikipedia 2013,â€Å"Vu an PMU 18†. Available at URL: http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%A5_PMU_18 (Accessed on November 18th, 2013) Wikipedia 2013, â€Å"Duong Chi Dung†. Available at URL: http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Ch%C3%AD_D%C5%A9ng (Accessed on November 18th, 2013) Wikipedia 2013, â€Å"Tham nhung tai Viet Nam†. Available at URL: http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tham_nh%C5%A9ng_t%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam (Accessed on November 18th, 2011)

Support Children and Young Peoples Health and Safety

CU1521- Support children and young people’s health and safety. 1. 1 Describe the factors to take into account when planning healthy and safe indoor and outdoor environments and services. The factors that you would need to take into account include * Individual needs depending on their age or abilities, for example a child of two years may not be able to do the physical things of a child who id five years old. So you would have to set out different activities for different ages. Specific needs such as sensory impairment, for example if a child is partly sighted you would have to think about extra support for the child as they play. * You need to be clear on what the children can and can’t play on, what they can do in the environment, explain to them about health and safety. * Risk assessments have to be cared out to insure the area is safe for both children and adults. * Practitioners need to have a clear understanding of the role during the activities. * What the aim an d objective is, for example you might set out two bicycles so that the children learn about sharing and being patient. The outcome, did you achieve what you set out to and did the children enjoy it. 1. 2 Explain how health and safety is monitored and maintained in work setting are made aware of risks and hazards and encouraged to work safely. Health safety is monitored and maintained in work setting are made aware of risks and hazards and encouraged to work safely this is done by having electrical checks, room checks e. g. risk assessment, hazards checks, visitors checks etc these are done in different time some are done daily, weekly, monthly and yearly.Everyone in the setting is responsible for their safety, its vital that settings are regularly checked for safety concerns. Ensuring that the alarms are working, visitor’s books and badges are in the correct place, ensuring that there are clear instructions for spillages, substances, hygiene equipment and visitors, making sur e that there are no broken equipment which could harm the children and other member of staff as well as parent and visitors. 1. 3- Identify sources of current guidance for planning healthy and safe environments and services EYFS. * Health and safety executive. Department for schools and families. * Workplace policies and procedures. * Child accident prevention trust. * Health and safety at work act 1974. * The management of health and safety at work regulations 1999. * The electricity at work regulations 1989. * The control of substances hazardous to health regulations 2002. 1. 4- explain how current health and safety legislation, policies and procedures are implemented in own work setting or services. In my work setting we insure that current health and safety legislation, policies and procedures are carried out by. Ensuring we all have read and understand the health and safety policies and procedures. * Making sure that the setting is clean and safe, that the building is well main tained. * Any harmful substances or keep away from children’s and locked and used safely. * Food is stored correctly and warmed to the correct temperature. * If a child has an accident we follow the procedures, by dealing with the accident, recording it and reporting it to the parents/carers. * Equipment is safe and stored safely. Protective clothing is worn when changing nappies and dealing with food * We ensure that we take care of our own health and safety as well as children. 2. 4- explain how health and safety risk assessment are monitored and reviewed. When you have risk assessed the activity that is taking place you must monitor the risk you have identified and if it changes you would have to change and review the plan. When the activity is finished you review the assessment to see if you correctly identified the hazards and if there were any that you didn’t manage to identify.This will help next time you carry out the same activity. 3. 1-Explain why it is impor tant to take a balance approach to risk management. It is important to take a balanced approach to risk management because children learn by exploring their environment. Every activity has a risk and as a practitioner you have to weigh up the risk of an activity against the benefits and safety of the child. 3. 2-Explain the dilemma between the rights and choices of children and young people and health and safety requirements. The UN Convention on he rights of the child says the rights of children and young people to learn and develop into adults and be protected from harm. Children learn by exploring and trying out new experiences. However, they don’t have the skills and judgment to make safe choices. This is why they need the guidance of an adult to identify potential hazards and whether or not it is safe to allow the child to undertake an activity. 4. 1- Explain the policies and procedures of the setting in response to accidents, incidents, emergencies and illness.Accidents - If a child has an accident for example a cut on the knee, it would be treated, a picture would be taken, the person who dealt with it would write in the accident book and sign and so would the person who saw the accident and the parent would be inform and would have to sign. Incidents- If there was an incident with a parent or employee and they wanted to make a formal complaint, they would write it in the incident book and the manager would be informed then and a decision would be made from there.Emergencies- If a child has had a serious accident in the nursery the ambulance would be called and if the child is able to be moved they would be put in a buggy and two adults would go with the child to St. Mary’s hospital and the parents would be called immediately. Illness- If a child becomes ill while at the setting their temperature would be taken and if it was high the parents would be called and the child would be picked up. 4. 2- Identify the correct procedures for recordin g and reporting accidents, incidents, signs of illness and other emergencies.All minor accidents should be recorded in the accident book and reported to parents. If it is something serious an accident report is filled out and a copy is sent to health and safety section of county hall if they think it needs referring to RIDDER they will do so. Incidents should be recorded in the incident book, you would write down the date and time of the incident, the nature of event, who was effected and what was done about it. Injuries recorded in the injury book should say what happened, where, the time and date and how it was dealt with.Illness a child must not be allowed into the setting if they are sick or have diarrhea or an infectious illness such as chicken pox. If an infectious illness is noticed in the setting such a head lice parents must be notified and the child must be picked up and other parents should be informed. Procedures should be displayed around the setting in case of an emerg ency for example a fire everyone must evacuate, children and adults should be counted and names called at the meeting point.